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Blast furnace Process engineering and chemistry A blast furnace is a metallurgical furnace used to smelt and produce industrial metals, usually pig iron but also other metals such as lead or copper. Blast is the provision of combustion air above atmospheric pressure. [1]In a blast furnace, fuel (cok
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Vacuum arc remeltingVacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process used to produce metal ingots with increased chemical and mechanical homogeneity for demanding applications. [1] The VAR process has revolutionized specialized traditional metallurgical technology indust
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Smaller arc furnaces may be adequately cooled by circulation of air over structural elements of the shell and roof, but larger installations require intensive forced cooling to maintain the structure within safe operating limits. The furnace shell and roof may be cooled either by water circulated th
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The use of EAF allows steel to be made from 100% scrap metal raw material. This significantly reduces the energy required to make steel compared to ore primary steelmaking.Another benefit is flexibility: While blast furnaces cannot drastically change output and can run for years at a time, electric
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Producing one ton of steel in an electric arc furnace requires about 400 kWh per short ton (1.44 gigajoules) or about 440 kWh per ton (1.6 GJ); the theoretical minimum energy required to melt one ton of scrap is 300 kWh (1.09 GJ) (melting point 1,520 °C (2,768 °F)). Thus, a 300-ton, 300-MVA EAF woul
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An Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is a furnace in which materials are heated by an electric arc.Industrial electric arc furnaces range in size from small units with a capacity of about 1 ton (used in foundries for the production of cast iron products) to about 400 ton units for secondary steelmaking. E
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CThe main reason is that some smelters have weak safety awareness and numbness of thought, do not abide by the safe operation procedures for tapping and oxygen blowing, or are affected by habitual illegal operators, and operate against regulations when the safety protection devices are lack and damaged and the safety protection measures are not implemented in place, resulting in accidents.
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Main equipment for smelting ferroalloy. Ferroalloy electric furnaces are divided into reduction electric furnaces and refining electric furnaces. There are various types of electric furnace, such as electric furnace with open or semi arc operation, or electric furnace with submerged arc operation. Electric refining furnace is used to refine medium carbon, low carbon and micro carbon ferroalloys.
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